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Pressure Vessel Terms

Agitator – Device used for agitation of the product or substance found inside a vessel.
 
Atmospheric Pressure – The amount of force the atmosphere exerts upon the earth’s surface, measuring 14.7 psi at sea level.
 
Baffle – Primarily used in vessels with agitators. Commonly used to increase the amount of agitation or mixing.
 
Boiler – Pressure vessel that heats water and creates and heats using combustible fuels or energy.
 
Brittle Fracture – Fracture of steel associated with exposure to very low temperatures often in circumstances in which stress levels have not exceeded yield strength.
 
Corrosion Allowance – An increase in vessel shell thickness designed to compensate for the corrosion and abrasion of certain pressure vessels; protective coatings and linings are also added to pressure vessels to prevent corrosion.
 
Creep – Permanent deformation of steel caused by strength reduction resulting from exposure to high temperatures.
 
Cryogenic Temperatures – Extremely low temperatures, ranging from -250° C to -100° C
(-418° F to -148° F).
 
Design Pressure – The maximum internal and external pressure limits that a pressure vessel can withstand, usually equivalent to 110% of vessel operating pressure.
 
Design Temperature – The temperature of the pressure vessel metal when the vessel is subjected to the design pressure.
 
Dewar – Pressure vessel created to sustain cryogenic temperatures.
 
Ferrule – A nozzle made for sanitary and low pressure applications. A ferrule contains an inset gasket surface and is designed to work with clamps instead of bolting.
 
Fluid – Any substance, whether liquid, gas or vapor, in which the particles move freely, resulting in no permanent shape and low resistance to pressure.
 
Fusible Plugs – Pressure relief mechanisms initiated with rapid pressure increases resulting from a fire.
 
Heat Transfer Surface (HTS) – Broad terminology for providing a vessel or tank with a means of temperature control.
 
Hydropneumatic Tanks – Pressure vessels in which both liquids and gases are collected.
 
Hydrostatic Test – Test in which pressure vessels are subjected to 150% of the design pressure.
 
ID (Inside Diameter) – Diameter of the vessel measured from the interior of the vessel surfaces. This dimension does not include the material thickness.
 
Lifting Lugs – Lugs attached to the outside of the vessel specifically placed to help aid lifting of the vessel.
 
Manway – Access port to the internal region of the pressure vessel.
 
Megapascal – Unit of measurement equal to 1,000,000 pascals, used to express tensile strength and yield strength.
 
National Board Inspection Code – Worldwide standard for pressure vessel inspection, alteration and repair.
 
Newton – Unit of force producing an acceleration rate of one meter per second per second on a one-kilogram mass.
 
Nozzle – The spout through which fluid is released from or introduced into the pressure vessel.
 
Operating Pressure – The pressure at which a vessel operates while in use.
 
Pascal – Unit of pressure measurement equal to a Newton per square meter.
 
Psi (Pounds per Square Inch) – Unit that measures the amount of pressure applied to an object.
 
Relief Valve – Pressure relief mechanism that automatically releases liquids from pressure vessels when vessel pressure exceeds set pressure, and closes when the pressure level returns to normal.
 
Rupture Disks – Pressure relief mechanism designed for single usage that instantly relieves pressure in a pressure vessel. These can be used in conjunction with other pressure relief mechanisms.
 
Safety Relief Valve – Pressure relief mechanism that automatically releases liquid and vapor streams from pressure vessels when vessel pressure exceeds set pressure, and closes when the pressure level returns to normal.
 
Safety Valve – Pressure relief mechanism that automatically releases gases and vapors from pressure vessels when vessel pressure exceeds set pressure, and closes when the pressure level returns to normal.
 
Set Pressure – The predetermined pressure at which a pressure relief device begins to discharge fluid.
 
Straight Flange – Small, cylindrical pressure vessel component consisting of a bolted rim connected to the body of the vessel.
 
Strain – The change in an object’s dimensions, resulting from the application of force.
 
Stress – The force responsible for causing a change in an object’s dimensions.
 
Stress Corrosion Cracking – Fracture resulting from the combination of corrosion and tensile stress.
                                                         
Tensile Strength – The maximum stress level exerted upon a test specimen before the specimen fractures.
 
Tensile Stress – The force applied to a test specimen to produce strain.
 
Vessel Heads – The end of a pressure vessel, including flanged and dished, ellipsoidal, flat, conical and hemispherical.
 
Vessel Shell – The pressure vessel body.
 
Yield Strength – Amount of stress producing an inelastic strain in a pressure vessel. Exceeding the yield strength can result in permanent deformation of the vessel.